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Table 1 Studies on imaging genetics in adult ADHD

From: Imaging genetics in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a way towards pathophysiological understanding?

Authors

Participants

Paradigm

Gene variant

Imaging

Imaging genetics results

Baehne et al. [21]

124 patients

Go/NoGo task (CPT)

TPH2 (G-allele polymorphism in rs4570625, T-allele polymorphism in rs11178997)

EEG (NGA)

Reduced NGA in risk allele carriers in ADHD and healthy controls

84 controls

Dresler et al. [24]

161 patients

Go/NoGo task (CPT)

SLC6A3 (3′ UTR VNTR)

EEG (NGA)

Reduced NGA in 9-repeat allele carriers in the patients, no influence in healthy controls

109 controls

Fallgatter et al. [29]

216 patients

Go/NoGo task (CPT)

LPHN3

EEG (NGA)

Reduced NGA in the LPHN3 high risk group

Heinzel et al. [25]

181 patients

Go/NoGo task (CPT)

COMT (Val158Met), DRD4 (exon 3 VNTR)

EEG (NGA)

Significant DRD4 × COMT interaction on NGA (DRD4 no7R: inverted u-shape with increasing COMT-dependent DA levels, DRD4 7R: u-shape), no gene main effects, no interaction with group

114 controls

Brown et al. [23]

52 patients

Working memory (n-back)

SLC6A3 (3′ UTR VNTR)

fMRI

Marginal reduced left mePFC signal in 9-repeat allele carriers in patients and controls, marginal genotype-by-diagnosis interaction in the SMA/dACC (increased activation in 10-repeat allele homozygous patients vs. controls)

38 controls

Brown et al. [30]

42 patients

Multi-source interference task

SLC6A3 (3′ UTR VNTR)

fMRI

Hypoactivation in 9-repeat allele homozygous patients in the left dACC

Hoogman et al. [32]

63 patients

Delay discounting task

NOS1 exon 1f-VNTR

fMRI

SS-allele carriers demonstrate higher ventral striatum activity in patients

41 controls

Hoogman et al. [34]

87 patients

Delay discounting task

SLC6A3 (3′UTR VNTR/intron 8 VNTR haplotype)

fMRI

No significant effects of DAT1 haplotype on striatal activity

77 controls

  1. CPT, continuous performance test; DA, dopamine; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; EEG, electroencephalography; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; mePFC, medial prefrontal cortex; NGA, NoGo-anteriorisation; SMA, supplementary motor area; UTR, untranslated region; VNTR, variable number of tandem repeats.