From: Gender differences in aggression of borderline personality disorder
First Author | Year | Sample | Methodology | Key findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bertsch et al. | 2013 | 39 ♂ BPD patients with comorbid ASPD (BPD-ASPD), 14 HC | BPD: International Personaliy Disorder Examination (IPDE) | ♂ BPD-ASPD patients displayed volume reduction in the left frontal pole, left orbital frontal cortex and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to ♂ HC (all p < .05, ROI-analysis). |
Neuroimaging: strucutural magnetic resonance imaging (stMRI), voxel based morphometry (VBM) | ||||
Brambilla | 2004 | 10 BPD patients ((6 ♀, 4 ♂), 20 HC (gender ratio: n/a) | BPD: IPDE | BPD showed higher volume of the putamen (p = .002) compared with HC. |
Neuroimaging: stMRI, manual tracing | ||||
Coccaro et al. | 2007 | 31 ♂ personality-disorders subjects, including 4 BPD patients | BPD: SCID-II | Testosterone CSF concentration of ♂ personality disordered patients, including BPD, is not correlated with aggression (p = .34). |
Aggression: Life History of Aggression (LHA), criteria for Intermittend Explosive Disorder | ||||
Neurochemistry: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of testosterone | ||||
Coccaro et al. | 1998 | 26 personality-disordered subjects, including 7 BPD patients (8 ♀, 18 ♂) | BPD: According to DSM-IV criteria | In the personality-disordered patients, including BPD, vasopressin CSF concentration was positively correlated with aggression (r = .41, p = .04), which was stronger in ♂ (r = .65) than in ♀ subjects (r = .27). |
Aggression: LHA | ||||
Neurochemistry: CSF concentration of vasopressin | ||||
Hazlett et al., | 2005 | 50 BPD patients (23 ♀, 27 ♂), 50 HC (20 ♀, 30 ♂) | BPD: Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality | BPD showed reduced gray matter and more white matter volume in BA 24 and 31 of the cingulate compared with HC (all p < .01,ROI analysis). |
Neuroimaging: stMRI, manual tracing | ||||
Hollander et al. | 1994 | 12 BPD patients (8 ♀, 4 ♂), 15 HC (3 ♀, 12 ♂) | BPD: SCID-II | Diminished serotonergic responsivity in ♂, but not ♀ BPD patients compared to gender-matched HC (p = .010) |
Neurochemistry: Serotonergic responsivity via m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) | ||||
Martial et al. | 1997 | 5 ♀ BPD patients | BPD: DIB-R | No diminished serotonergic responsivity of ♀ BPD patients. |
Neurochemistry: Serotonergic responsivity via d-fenfluramine (FEN) | ||||
Minzenberg | 2008 | 12 BPD-patients (5 ♀, 7 ♂), 12 HC (6 ♀, 6 ♂) | BPD: Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality | BPD had reduced gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate (BA 24/32) compared to HC (p < .003-007, ROI analysis). |
Neuroimaging: stMRI, VBM | ||||
New/Perez-Rodriguez et al. | 2009/ 2012 | 38 BPD with comorbid intermittent-explosive-disorder (16 ♀, 22 ♂), 36 HC (18 ♀, 18 ♂) | BPD: SCID-II | No group x gender interaction in the OAS-M, BDHI and the AQ. ♀ BPD patients chose the “right” answer in the PSAP more often than ♀ HC. ♂ BPD patients chose the “right” answer in the PSAP less frequently than ♂ HC (p < 0.005). ♂ BPD displayed reduced glucose metabolism rate in the striatum when performing the PSAP compared to ♀ BPD and HC of both gender (p < .01). No gender differences in prefrontal and amygdala regions. |
Aggression: modified Overt Aggression Scale (OAS-M), | ||||
Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), AQ, PSAP | ||||
Neuroimaging: PET while performing PSAP | ||||
Niedtfeld et al. | 2010 | 23 ♀ BPD patients, 26 ♀ HC | BPD: International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE) | ♀ BPD patients displayed increased amygdala reactivity in response to neutral and negative emotional stimuli when compared to ♀ HC. |
Neuroimaging: functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) during presentation of emotional & neutral pictures | ||||
Prehn et al. | 2013 | 15 ♂ BPD-ASPD, 17 ♂ HC | BPD: IPDE | ♂ BPD-ASPD displayed increased amygdala activity exclusively in response to high, but not neutral and low emotional stimuli when compared to ♂HC. |
Neuroimaging: fMRI during presentation of emotional & neutral pictures | ||||
Rinne et al. | 2000 | 12 ♀ BPD patients, 9 ♀ HC | BPD: Structured Interview for DSM III-R Personality | ♀ BPD patients displayed diminished serotonergic responsivity than ♀ HC (p < .05). |
Disorders | ||||
Neurochemistry: Serotonergic responsivity via m-CPP | ||||
Soloff et al. | 2003 | 64 BPD patients (44 ♀, 20 ♂), 57 HC (21 ♀, 36 ♂) | BPD: IPDE | ♂ BPD patients showed higher scores in the BDHI (p = 0.03) and the BG-LHA (p = .002) than the ♀ BPD patients. ♂, but not ♀, BPD patients, had significantly lower delta-prl (p < .02), peak-prl (p < .001) and AUC-prl (p < .003) compared to gender-matched HC. In ♂, but not ♀, BPD patients serotonergic responsivity was inversely correlated with scores of the LHA (p < .05) |
Aggression: BDHI, Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of aggression (BG-LHA) | ||||
Neurochemistry: Serotonergic responsivity via FEN | ||||
Soloff et al. | 2005 | 22 BPD patients (15 ♀, 7 ♂), 24 HC (14 ♀, 10 ♂) | BPD: IPDE, DIB-R | ♀, but not ♂, BPD patients displayed reduced glucose metabolism rate in the prefrontal cortex during baseline condition compared to gender-matched HC (p < .05). When tested for serotonergic responsivity ♂ BPD patients, but not ♀ BPD patients, showed decreased glucose metabolization in the lt. temporal and frontal lobe (p < .05) |
Aggression: BG-LHA | ||||
Neurochemistry: serotonergic responsivity via FEN Neuroimaging: PET during baseline and serotonergic responsivity condition | ||||
Soloff et al. | 2008 | 34 BPD patients (22 ♀, 12 ♂); among them 2 ♀ BPD-ASPD and seven ♂ BPD-ASPD, 30 HC (19 ♀, 11 ♂) | BPD: IPDE | ♂ BPD patients had higher scores in the BG-LHA than ♀ BPD patients (p = .03). ♀, but not ♂, BPD patients showed a gray volume reduction the amygdala, hippocampus bilaterally compared to gender-matched HC (all pfwe < .05). ♂, but not ♀, BPD patients showed a gray matter volume reduction in the anterior cingulate cortex (pcluster = .001) and a gray matter volume increase in the right putamen (pcluster = .024) when compared to gender-matched HC. |
Aggression: BG-LHA | ||||
Neuroimaging: stMRI, VBM | ||||
Völlm et al. | 2009 | 7 ♂ BPD patients, 6 ♂ HC | BPD: SCID-II | ♂ BPD patients showed gray matter volume reduction in the medial, middle and superior frontal gyrus, bilaterally, and the left orbitofrontal cortex and right anterior cingulate cortex compared to ♂ HC (all at least puncorr. < .001). |
Neuroimaging: stMRI, VBM |