Directionality of associations | Study’s author(s), year | Country | N at follow-up (retention rate), % females and mean (M) age at baseline | Follow-up period | Measure (s) | BPD measured at baseline; age of BPD assessment | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSSI predicting BPD | Nakar et al., 2016 | Germany; 26 schools – The Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe study | N = 513 (36%); 62% females; Mage = 14.5 years | 2 years (3 assessments) | DSH Inventory SCID-II (15-item BPD screener and interview) | No; Mage = 14.5 years at baseline + 2 years | Statistically significant differences on number of BPD criteria scores between low, moderate and high risk NSSI groups (F (2,510) = 1229.584, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.828), with a mean of 7.33 BPD criteria for the high-risk group NSSI (overall mean number of BPD criteria = 3.62). |
NSSI and suicidal ideation predicting BPD | Scott et al., 2015 | USA | N = 1950 (80%), includes 4 cohorts; all females; age at baseline = 5–8 years | 6–9 years 1st SI measure at age 10 1st NSSI measure at age 13 both measures assessed until ages 16–19 | CSI-4 ASI-4 ASRI-4 SCID-I IPDE-BOR (screening questionnaire) | No; Ages 16–19 | Those who reported SI-only and SI + NSSI both had significantly more BPD symptoms than those with no SI or NSSI. And the SI + NSSI group reported significantly more BPD symptoms than the SI-only group. Observed range of BPD scores 0–8; No SI or NSSI M = 1.2, SD = 1.64; SI-only M = 2.22, SD = 1.99; SI + NSSI M = 2.84, SD = 2.05, (F (2,1947)= 70.30, p < .001). |